LAN, WAN, MAN

LAN:

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance.

It interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, or a computer laboratory.

LANs are capable of transmitting data at very fast rates, much faster than data can be transmitted over a telephone line; but the distances are limited, and there is also a limit on the number of computers that can be attached to a single LAN.

However, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

Printers, hard disks, programs and others computers can be shared with the help of LAN.

 

WAN:

A wide area network (WAN) is a large telecommunications network that consists of a collection of LANs and other networks.

A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs)

The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.

A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN

A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership.

MAN:

a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.

A MAN often acts as a high speed network to allow sharing of regional resources (similar to a large LAN). It is also frequently used to provide a shared connection to other networks using a link to a WAN.

Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the metropolitan areas of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the installation of wireless MANs.

MCQs of intro

MCQ's FOR INTRO
i can't copy these mcqs from site so kindly just check out this site and note them down.....
http://www.knowledgebase-script.com/demo/article-933.html
http://www.indiabix.com/computer-science/computer-fundamentals/
http://www.psexam.com/MCQ-Collection-for-Fundamentals-of-Computer/computer-fundamentals-objective-questions-mcq-with-solutions-and-explanations-set-1.html

EXPANSION SLOTS

EXPANSION SLOTS:

An opening in a computer where a circuit boards can be inserted to add new capabilities to the computer. Nearly all personal computers except portables contain expansion slots for adding more memory, graphics capabilities, and support for special devices. The boards inserted into the expansion slots are called expansion boards, expansion cards, cards, add-ins and add-ons....

Expansion slots for PCs come in two basic sizes: half- and full-size. Half-size slots are also called 8-bits slots because they can transfer 8 bits at a time. Full-size slots are sometimes called 16-bit slots. In addition, modern PCs include PCI slots for expansion boards that connect directly to the PCI bus.

Calculator in C++

Q: Make a calculator which takes numbers as input then assigns operations at run time,
Show result according to operator assigned..





#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double number1, number2, total;
int current_operation;
cout << "Please Enter First Number: "; 
cin >> number1; 
cout << "Please Enter Second Number: ";
cin >> number2;
cout << "Which operation would you like use?" << endl;
cout << "Type 1 for Plus." << endl;
cout << "Type 2 for Minus." << endl;
cout << "Type 3 for Divide." << endl;
cout << "Type 4 for Multiply." << endl;
cin >> current_operation;
if(current_operation == 1)
{
total = number1 + number2;
cout << "Your Answer is = " << total << endl;
}
else if(current_operation == 2)
{
total = number1 - number2;
cout << "Your Answer is = " << total << endl;
}
else if(current_operation == 3)
{
total = number1 / number2;
cout << "Your Answer is = " << total << endl;
}
else if(current_operation == 4)
{
total = number1 * number2;
cout << "Your Answer is = " << total << endl;
}
else
cout << "You Have Entered an Invalid Number."<<endl;
return 0;
}

Lab # 06 : 2 / 12 / 11

Write a program that asks the user to enter salary and tax of 7%
and show the deducted amount after tax paid. Either he is supervisor, superintendent or worker ???


#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
double salary,tax,deducted_amount;
cout<<"salary of employee = "<<endl;
cin>>salary;
tax = (7*salary)/100;
deducted_amount = salary-tax;
cout<<"salary after paid tax = "<<deducted_amount<<endl;
if(salary==40000)
cout<<"the employee is supervisor"<<endl;
else if(salary==20000)
cout<<"the employee is supritendent"<<endl;
else if(salary==10000)
cout<<"the employee is worker"<<endl;
return 0;
} 

Video File Formats

"Video Formate"

The following is a brief explanation of the different video file formats found commonly online:
Most videos files have at least two types of file formats. First there is the container, and then the codec which is used inside the container.
The container is what describes the whole structure of the file, and specifies which codec’s are being used. The following is a list of some of the more common types of container formats:
Flash Video Format (.flv):
Because of the cross-platform availability of Flash video players, the Flash video format has become increasingly popular. Flash video is playable within Flash movies files, which are supported by practically every browser on every platform. Flash video is compact, using compression from On2, and supports both progressive and streaming downloads.
AVI Format (.avi):
The AVI format, which stands for audio video interleave, was developed by Microsoft.
It stores data that can be encoded in a number of different codec’s and can contain both audio and video data. The AVI format usually uses less compression than some similar formats and is a very popular format amongst internet users.
AVI files most commonly contain M-JPEG, or DivX codec’s, but can also contain almost any format.
Some of the most common players that support the avi format are:

• Apple QuickTime Player (windows & Mac)
• Microsoft Windows Media Player (Windows & Mac)
• VideoLAN VLC media player (Windows & Mac)
• Nullsoft Winamp

MP4 Format (.mp4):
This format is mostly used to store audio and visual streams online, most commonly those defined by MPEG. It Expands MPEG-1 to support video/audio "objects", 3D content, low bit rate encoding and support for Digital Rights Management.The mp4 can most commonly be played on the Apple QuickTime Player or other movie players. Devices that play p4 are also known as mp4 players.


Mpg Format (.mpg):
Common video format standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG); typically incorporates MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video compression; often used for creating downloadable movies. It can be played using Apple QuickTime Player or
Microsoft Windows Media Player.
Windows Media Video Format (.wmv):
WMV format, short for Windows Media Video was developed by Microsoft. It was originally designed for internet streaming applications, and can now cater to more specialized content. Windows Media is a common format on the Internet, but Windows Media movies cannot be played on non-Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. Some later Windows Media movies cannot play at all on non-Windows computers because no player is available.
Videos stored in the Windows Media format have the extension .wmv.

3GP File Extension (.3gp):
The 3gp format is both an audio and video format that was designed as a multimedia format for transmitting audio and video files between 3G cell phones and the internet. It is most commonly used to capture video from your cell phone and place it online.
This format supports both Mac and windows applications and can be commonly played in the following:

• Apple QuickTime Player
• RealNetworks RealPlayer
• VideoLAN VLC media player
• MPlayer

Machine Cycle

"Machine Cycle"

Processor that is also called Central Processing Unit (CPU), carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.

To complete One instruction, a computer repeats four operations (FDES),

• Fetching
• Decoding
• Executing
• storing

Pipelining: Pipelining is a concept in PCs in which processor starts fetching the second instruction before first instruction is completed.

The processor that use pipelining are faster because they do not wait for one instruction to complete.

Without Pipelining: without pipelining the processor completes one instruction either fetches, decode, execute or store at a time.

In this processor waits until first instruction completes and then second instruction starts.

The result is thus a slower transferring.

Often it is sought that the computer, which does not use pipelining, hangs.

thus pipelining is most useful to complete our work on time.

English syllabus for mid

1. Communication
2. language
3. grammar
4. sentence according to structure and meaning
   
5. parts of sentence
6. types of sentence
7. phrase and clause
8. parts of speech (excluding article, adverb, preposition)
   
9. Poems: New year resolution , The huntsman
10. Essays: Spoon feeding and Nagasaki...

Control Unit and ALU

"Control Unit"

Control unit is the component of processor that directs the computer to perform different operations. In other word Control unit controls the instruction that are to be performed.

To understand, control unit is a traffic warden for computers.

The other function of control unit other than direction is that it also initiate the computer to perform that operation.

ALU, Registers and Buses are the components that take directions from Control unit.

"Arithmetic Logic Unit"

It is also component of processor that performs operations.

the basic operations that are performed by ALU are

• Arithmetic Operations (addition, subtraction multiplication, division, )
• Comparison Operations (Greater than, less than, greater than equal to , less than equal to, and equal to )

System Unit

"System Unit"

"The electronic components of computers and all the mobile devices which are closed in a case is called System Unit."

But it is notable thing that under this case all the electronic components which are used to process data.

Electronic components of a PC include all the motherboard in which processor,memory, chips, adapter cards(Video card, sound card), power-supply etc are present.

Common examples:

System Unit: CPU, Laptop, Tablet PC, i phones, digital cameras, PDA, 

Not system unit: keyboards, mouses, speakers, printers, scanners, USB flash, Monitors, LCDs, 

<Intro>

Uses of Chips in Computers and daily life

What are Chips ?

Chips are integrated circuits which are commonly used now a days almost in every integrated system.

Chips are small and efficient, they are complex circuits.

The chip is packed in plastic holder with pins which will fit into holes in boards.

Chips are usually called as integrated circuits (ICs).

Chips are used in computer and other electronic circuits are as:

• Computers
• Cars
• Mobile Phones
• Telescope
• Digital Cameras
• Watches
• Wireless Devices
• Radios
• Networking Devices
• Switches, Hubs, Routers,
• Wi-Fi chips for Mobile Devices
• Gaming Devices
• Tablet Computers
• Bluetooth, GPS chips
• i phones
• smart phones
• i pods
• 
  

Memory Chips: Ram is a basic component used in the storage and transfer of data throughout a system.

Memory chips stores the "Bits" as voltage in Rams.

Memory chip's capacity are ranging from 1MB to 128MB.

Memory chips are considered as volatile memory because Memory chips stores data as electricity and  volatile memory will not persist after a power failure or system shutdown


<Intro>.